After leaving the governorship, Roosevelt served as the vice president of the United States. President McKinley was assassinated on September 14, , and Roosevelt, who was the vice president at the time, succeeded to the presidency.
In he was elected to a term of his own. After leaving the White House, Roosevelt ran unsuccessfully for reelection on the and Progressive Party ticket. Governor Theodore Roosevelt, who was the author of twenty-six books and numerous articles, passed away on January 6, Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the U. January 1, - August 23, January 1, - December 31, January 1, - December 31, March 17, - January 1, January 1, - March 17, Future President William Howard Taft serves as provisional governor.
The Republicans gain four seats in the Senate, for a 61 to 31 majority. In the House, the Republicans lose 28 seats, but maintain a advantage. The national labor movement became involved in these elections, thereby marking a turning point in the history of national elections. The President and Mrs. Roosevelt go to Panama to inspect the building of the Panama Canal, marking the first trip abroad by a sitting American President.
Straus is the first Jewish American to hold a cabinet post. The Dominican Republic and the United States sign a treaty empowering American agents to collect Dominican customs taxes for the purpose of satisfying the nation's creditors.
The Senate ratifies the treaty on February 25; in , it had refused to ratify a similar agreement. TR signs the Immigration Act of , which includes a provision allowing the President to restrict Japanese immigration. To get around restrictive language in an appropriation bill inhibiting the creation of new forest reserves in six Western states, TR issues proclamations establishing forest reserves in affected states before the law goes into effect.
In doing so, TR faced down Westerners who disdained interference from Washington. An executive Inland Waterways Commission is appointed to study the relationship between forest preservation and commercial waterways. Marines land in Honduras to protect life and property during a series of political disturbances. The United States argues, unsuccessfully, for the establishment of a World Court. The Panic of begins when shares of the United Copper Company begin to fluctuate wildly.
Panic sets in, destabilizing the shaky foundation of the American banking system. Cortelyou and to dissipate rumors of a financial crash. Under Roosevelt's orders, the Great White Fleet so named because of the boats' color embarks on a voyage around the world from Hampton Roads, Virginia.
The fleet returns triumphantly on February 22, , having been enthusiastically welcomed at many ports and underscoring America's growing naval strength. The voyage would serve as Roosevelt's proudest accomplishment while in office.
On December 16, , President Theodore Roosevelt assembled the entire class of sixteen American battleships in Hampton Roads, Virginia, and launched them on a training cruise around the world.
Roosevelt scheduled the fleet to return to Hampton Roads on February 22, , ten days before he left office. The President intended the voyage to be the glorious capstone to his administration's accomplishments.
As President, Roosevelt had built the U. Navy into one of the largest in the world, by convincing Congress to add battleships to the fleet and increase the number of enlisted men. He had many reasons for sending the fleet on a worldwide tour.
Roosevelt wanted to allow the Navy to gain the experience of an international tour and to draw attention to his naval program. He hoped the impressive show of naval strength and prowess would rally congressional support. He also wanted to impress other countries around the world with U. American relations with Japan had soured greatly in after the San Francisco public school board voted to segregate Japanese immigrant children; at the same time, Californian politicians lobbied for Washington to restrict Japanese entry into the country.
Roosevelt hoped the Great White Fleet's arrival in Japan would signify his desire for continued friendly relations, and yet he also sought to remind the Japanese of America's ascendant naval might. Japanese crowds cheered the fleet upon its arrival in Tokyo Harbor. The Great White Fleet also announced to the world the growing global reach of American military power, especially its new and modern navy. In this way, Roosevelt used the fleet to represent what he saw as America's arrival as a great nation on the world stage.
A devotee of naval theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan, who equated international power with naval might, Roosevelt supported new battleship construction, the modernization of ship armaments, and the adoption of new marksmanship techniques. In doing so, he greatly expanded the reach of American power-a process his predecessor, President William McKinley, began in earnest. Roosevelt used the American Antiquities Act of to create 18 national monuments during his presidency.
The Grand Canyon became a national park in Roosevelt was the nation's first conservationist President. Everywhere he went, he preached the need to preserve woodlands and mountain ranges as places of refuge and retreat.
He used his presidential authority to issue executive orders to create new national forests, increasing the amount of protected land from 42 million acres to million acres. Along with the 18 national monuments, the President also created 5 national parks and 51 wildlife refuges during his tenure.
Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot heavily influenced President Roosevelt and encouraged him to make conservation a major portion of his political agenda.
Pinchot, the nation's first professional forester, and Roosevelt, an avid outdoorsman, teamed up during Roosevelt's second term to push their shared progressive vision for wilderness conservation.
Conservation to these progressives, however, did not mean simply placing land off limits to development and industry. Pinchot believed that the science of forestry could make forests more productive and valuable to industry; scientific expertise could improve upon nature. Like Roosevelt, Pinchot also believed that conservation was at its core an issue of equality of opportunity, as conservation allowed for public access to land that would otherwise wastefully bring profit to a few.
The pair wanted all Americans to be able to use parklands. Pinchot was a strong advocate for more federal power to protect wilderness in the United States, particularly in the West. With his prodding, President Roosevelt secured the Transfer Act in , which shifted the responsibility of managing federal forests from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture and the Division of Forestry, later remained the Forest Service.
As head of the Forest Service, Pinchot staffed it with scientists, not bureaucrats, and Pinchot and his team added millions of acres of western land to federal holdings. During the early s, conservation became a new and increasingly popular agenda for the federal government, due to President Roosevelt's energetic promotion of the issue.
The United States and Japan reach an agreement on the restriction of Japanese immigration. The Japanese government agrees not to issue any more visas permitting Japanese laborers to emigrate to the United States. At the White House, the first Conference of Governors meets to discuss the problems of conservation.
Republicans were far from united in their support for Taft; party chairman Henry Cabot Lodge speaks in praise of President Roosevelt, touching off a forty-five minute demonstration among the delegates. William Jennings Bryan wins the Democratic nomination for the presidency, with John Kern as his vice-president running mate. Bryan had lost much of the glamour in this, his third run for the office. Running for his third and last shot at the presidency, Bryan garners electoral votes, far behind Taft's winning total of Taft sweeps the Northeast and the Midwest, while Bryan wins every state south of the Mason-Dixon line.
The Democrats gain one seat in the Senate, but still trail the Republicans 61 to In the House, the Republicans lose three seats but maintain a advantage. Black intellectuals, including W. Roosevelt's administration ends with the inauguration of William Howard Taft as the twenty-seventh President. Roosevelt leaves on a yearlong African safari in order to avoid charges that he was attempting to run the White House from the shadows.
Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Help inform the discussion Support the Miller Center. University of Virginia Miller Center. Breadcrumb U. September 2, September 14, Roosevelt takes office. October 16, TR dines with Booker T. Washington at the White House.
November 18, Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed. But his complex legacy includes not just his achievements as a progressive reformer and conservationist who regulated big business and established the national park system. Like many of his time, he also believed firmly in the existence of a racial hierarchy topped by those of white Anglo-Saxon descent, a belief that shaped his attitudes—and policies—on race relations, land rights and American imperialism.
Upon graduating from Harvard College in , Roosevelt married Alice Hathaway Lee and entered Columbia University Law School, though he dropped out after only one year to enter public service. He was elected to the New York State Assembly at the age of 23 and served two terms Both his wife and mother died on the same day in , and the grieving Roosevelt spent the next two years on a ranch he owned in the Badlands of the Dakota Territory, where he hunted big game, drove cattle and worked as a frontier sheriff.
In , Roosevelt ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in , Roosevelt left his post as naval secretary to become colonel of the First U. The Republican political machine in New York threw their considerable support behind the returning war hero, helping Roosevelt defeat a popular Democratic candidate to win the governorship. Once elected, Roosevelt displayed his characteristic independence and unwillingness to buckle to the pressure of party bosses.
Roosevelt campaigned vigorously for McKinley, traveling by train for more than 21, miles to speak in 24 states, and McKinley and Roosevelt won in a landslide over Democrats William Jennings Bryan and Adlai E. McKinley died eight days later, and Roosevelt was sworn in as the 26th president. From the time of his First Annual Message to Congress in December , Roosevelt expressed the progressive belief that government should mediate between conflicting forces including capital and labor, isolationism and expansionism and conservation and development in order to stabilize American society.
In , his government brought a successful suit under the previously ineffective Sherman Antitrust Act against the Northern Securities Company, a railroad combination formed by James J. Hill, E. Harriman and J. That same year, he intervened in a prolonged coal strike in Pennsylvania , using a combination of negotiation tactics to halt the strike and gain a modest pay increase for the miners.
Roosevelt also used his executive power to further his passion for conservationism. In June , the National Reclamation Act dedicated to large-scale irrigation projects in the American West became the first major legislative achievement of his presidency. In addition, Roosevelt set aside almost million acres—almost five times as much land as all his predecessors combined—for national forests, reserves and wildlife refuges.
As part of that process, he favored the removal of many Native Americans from their ancestral territories, including approximately 86 million acres of tribal land transferred to the national forest system. He was the first president to win reelection after gaining the White House due to the death of his predecessor. Like McKinley, Roosevelt sought to bring the United States out of its isolationism and fulfill its responsibility as a world power.
Roosevelt followed this big-stick policy most conspicuously in his dealings in Latin America. In , he helped Panama secede from Colombia in order to facilitate the beginning of construction on the Panama Canal , which he later claimed as his greatest accomplishment as president.
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